題目性質：自編仿真題——題目、材料、選項、數據與情境均為按課程標準與聯招常見考點獨立編寫的原創仿真題，非真題原文，未取自任何題庫、教輔或試卷；解析與採分點為教研整理，非官方評分標準。
一、考點定位與做題順序
做時態設空，第一步是找一個參照點：整段的基本時間（本題是「去年整理舊物」這一過去時間軸），然後每空問兩件事——該動作在參照點之前、同時、還是之後？（決定「時」）以及它是完成、持續、還是正在進行？（決定「體」）。
四條常用對應關係：過去的過去 → had done；過去某刻正在進行 → was/were doing；站在過去看將來／過去的習慣 → would / used to；從過去延續到說話當下 → has/have done。最後再拿時間狀語回驗（by then, while, before, ever since, by the time 都是強提示）。下面短文為自編示意文本，人物、館名與數字均為虛構。
二、逐題精講
題1
題1 八空完形（每空四選一）
自編短文：Last autumn I (1)____ out an old box of postcards while I (2)____ the attic. Most of them (3)____ by my grandmother before I was born; she (4)____ one card to my father every month, and he (5)____ them in a tin for years. I (6)____ any of them before that day, so I sat down and read them all. One card, dated 1972, mentioned a small town library that (7)____ its reading room the following spring. I have kept the box on my desk (8)____, and I still add a note to it whenever I find another card.
(1) A. come B. came C. had come D. have come
(2) A. clear B. cleared C. was clearing D. had cleared
(3) A. wrote B. were written C. had been written D. have been written
(4) A. sends B. sent C. would send D. has sent
(5) A. keeps B. kept C. had kept D. was keeping
(6) A. never saw B. have never seen C. had never seen D. would never see
(7) A. opens B. opened C. would open D. has opened
(8) A. ever since B. since then C. ever D. before
解析
(1) B (came)。 「Last autumn」是明確的過去時間點，主句動作用一般過去；had come 需要有另一個更晚的過去動作作參照，這裡沒有；have come 不能與 last autumn 連用。(2) C (was clearing)。 while 引導「正在清理閣樓時」這一進行中的背景，came out 是穿插其中的短動作，長動作用過去進行。cleared 會把兩件事寫成先後完成，丟掉「正在…時忽然發現」的畫面。
(3) C (had been written)。 明信片「在我出生之前就被寫好」，是過去的過去且被動（卡片是被寫的），須過去完成的被動 had been written；were written 只有一般過去被動，沒體現「先於出生」。
(4) C (would send)。 「她每月給我父親寄一張」是過去反覆發生的習慣，用 would + 動詞原形（也可用 used to send）；sent 只表一次或籠統過去，has sent 與過去語境衝突。
(5) C (had kept)。 「他把它們收在鐵盒裡好多年」這一狀態早於「去年我發現盒子」並持續到那時，是過去的過去，用過去完成；注意 for years 配上過去參照點時優先 had kept，而不是 kept。
(6) C (had never seen)。 「在那一天之前我一張也沒見過」——before that day 指向過去參照點之前，用過去完成；have never seen 是以現在為參照，與後半句「so I sat down and read them all」的過去敘述脫節。
(7) C (would open)。 卡片寫於 1972 年，卻提到「來年春天將開放閱覽室」——站在過去看將來，用 would open（過去將來）；opened 會把它寫成已經發生，has opened 更不合。
(8) A (ever since)。 「I have kept the box on my desk ____」主句已是現在完成，配 ever since（自那以後一直）表從過去延續到當下；since then 意思接近但通常與過去時或句首位置搭配，且此處 ever since 與句末副詞位更自然；ever 單獨不表「自那以後」，before 與現在完成衝突。末句「I still add a note…」用一般現在，正是「延續到說話當下」的第二重印證。
時間軸回驗：祖母寫卡片（最先，had been written）→ 每月寄（would send）→ 父親收藏多年（had kept）→ 我出生 → 去年秋清理閣樓（came / was clearing）時首次見到（had never seen）→ 讀到 1972 年卡片裡提到的「來年春天開放」（would open）→ 自那以後一直放在桌上（has kept / ever since）→ 至今仍添便條（still add）。每一環都有明確先後，無一處時態越位。
答案 (1) B (2) C (3) C (4) C (5) C (6) C (7) C (8) A
採分點 每空 1 分；每空寫出「參照點＋先後/體貌」判據另計 0.5；第(3)空說明被動與「過去的過去」雙重要求 1 分；第(4)空指出 would 表過去習慣 1 分；第(7)空指出「過去看將來」1 分；完整畫出時間軸並驗證無越位 1 分。
易錯點 見 last autumn 仍選 have come；while 後用一般過去，丟掉進行背景；把 had been written 寫成 were written，漏「先於出生」；把 would send 當「將要寄一次」；第(6)空選 have never seen，把參照點錯放到現在；第(7)空選 opened，忽略 the following spring 是站在 1972 年看將來。
題2
題2 時間狀語改寫與兩句辨錯
(1) 把「I have kept the box on my desk ever since.」改成以去年秋天為參照點、不含說話當下的說法（保留「一直放在桌上」之意），寫出改寫句並說明時態與狀語各怎麼變。(2) 下面兩句各有一處時態問題，指出並改正，說明理由：①「By the time I found the box, my father has kept the cards for years.」②「While I cleared the attic, I was coming out an old box.」
解析
(1) 可寫：I had kept the box on my desk from that autumn until the following spring. 或更貼近原文：From that autumn on, the box stayed on my desk.（用一般過去 stayed 把整段封閉在過去，不再延伸到當下）。變化兩處：時態由現在完成 have kept（過去→現在）改為過去完成 had kept 或一般過去 stayed，把時間窗關在過去；狀語由 ever since（隱含「到現在」）換成明確的過去區間 from that autumn until… 或 after that autumn。關鍵：ever since 與 since 默認以說話時刻為終點，一旦終點也要落在過去，就不能再用現在完成。若保留 ever since 而只改時態成 had kept，句子會自相矛盾。
(2) ① has kept → had kept。By the time I found the box 是過去參照點，「到那時為止已收藏多年」是過去的過去，須過去完成；has kept 以現在為參照，與 found 衝突。改正：By the time I found the box, my father had kept the cards for years.
② was coming out → came out（或整句改為 While I was clearing the attic, I came out an old box，但 come out an old box 搭配不自然，宜用 found / came across）。come out（被發現、顯露）是瞬間動作，不能用進行時；while 從句裡的長動作才用過去進行。規範改寫：While I was clearing the attic, I came across an old box of postcards. 這同時修好兩處：從句補回 was clearing，主句換成瞬間動詞的一般過去。
辨析要點：while 只保證「從句是持續背景」，不意味著主句也要進行；判斷體貌看的是動詞本身是狀態/持續還是瞬間，不是看有沒有 while。by the time + 過去 幾乎總與主句過去完成配對，by the time + 現在/將來 才配現在完成或將來完成。
答案 (1) 改為 had kept / stayed + from that autumn until… 等過去區間狀語，去掉 ever since；時態與狀語須同時改。(2) ① has kept→had kept（by the time+過去 配過去完成）；② was coming out→came across（瞬間動詞不用進行），並把從句補為 was clearing。
採分點 改寫句把時間窗封閉在過去 1 分；時態由現在完成改過去完成/一般過去 1 分；狀語由 ever since 換過去區間 1 分；指出「保留 ever since 只改時態會自相矛盾」1 分；① 改正與 by the time 規則 1 分；② 指出瞬間動詞不用進行 1 分；給出規範改寫 1 分；說明「while 只管從句」1 分。
易錯點 只改時態不改狀語，寫出 had kept…ever since；把「封閉在過去」寫成 I kept…now；① 只說「時態不對」不講 by the time 的配對規則；② 把主句改進行時卻保留 come out，或只改一處漏掉從句的 was clearing；認為 while 出現就兩個動詞都要進行。
三、規律小結與對照表
| 時間層次 | 對應形式 | 自編示例 | 強提示狀語 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 過去時間點 | 一般過去 | Last autumn I came out… | last autumn, yesterday, in 1972 |
| 過去某刻進行 | was/were doing | while I was clearing the attic | while, at that moment |
| 過去的過去 | had done | had been written before I was born | before, by then, by the time |
| 過去狀態延續到過去 | had kept for years | he had kept them in a tin | for years + 過去參照 |
| 過去反覆習慣 | would / used to do | she would send one card every month | every month, often, used to |
| 過去看將來 | would do | would open the following spring | the following spring, later |
| 過去→現在 | has/have done | I have kept the box… | ever since, since, so far, still |
| 說話當下習慣 | 一般現在 | I still add a note | whenever, still |
| 瞬間動作 | 一般過去，不用於進行 | came across an old box | — 體貌由動詞決定 |
敘事完形的時態空，答案都寫在時間軸上：先釘住「去年秋天」這個參照點，再逐個問「在它之前、同時、還是之後」，最後用 while / before / by the time / ever since / the following spring 回驗一遍。兩處最愛錯的是——把「過去的過去」寫成現在完成，以及看見 while 就把主句的瞬間動詞也塞進進行時。畫完軸再選詞，比逐個回憶語法規則穩得多。本篇人物、卡片年份與館名均為自編示意。
四、自測清單
- □ 先圈出全段的基本參照時間，再逐空標「前/同時/後」；
- □ by the time / before + 過去，主句優先過去完成；
- □ while 從句用進行，主句是瞬間動詞時用一般過去；
- □ every month / often 配 would 表過去習慣，別當一次性將來；
- □ the following spring 是「過去看將來」，用 would；
- □ ever since / still 出現，檢查主句是不是現在完成或一般現在。
