題目性質:自編仿真題——題目、材料、選項、數據與情境均為按課程標準與聯招常見考點獨立編寫的原創仿真題,非真題原文,未取自任何題庫、教輔或試卷;解析與採分點為教研整理,非官方評分標準。
一、考點定位與做題順序
短語動詞的難點不在動詞本身,而在那顆小品詞。set up(搭建/成立)與 set off(出發/引發)、turn out(結果是)與 turn away(拒之門外),只差一個詞,方向就反了。完形偏愛在這裡設空,因為它同時考語義和語篇:單看本句常常兩個都說得通,必須回到上下文找「後來發生了什麼」。
還有一條硬語法:代詞賓語必須居中(turn it down ✓,turn down it ✗);名詞賓語可中可後(turn the offer down / turn down the offer 都對)。做題四步:先定動詞 → 再定小品詞的方向義(up 成立/完成、off 離開/中斷、out 顯露/耗盡、away 去除/離開、into 進入/轉化、through 貫穿/完成)→ 回讀下文驗證結果 → 檢查賓語位置。下面短文為自編示意文本。
二、逐題精講
題1
題1 六空完形(每空四選一)
自編短文:Last spring our neighbourhood library decided to (1) ____ a small repair group for its oldest books. A retired binder, Ms Iver, offered to show us how to (2) ____ loose pages without damaging the spines. At first only six people (3) ____, but the number soon grew. We had to (4) ____ the torn covers that could not be saved, and we (5) ____ an old cupboard (6) ____ a drying cabinet. By autumn the group had (7) ____ three hundred volumes. Oddly, the project (8) ____ to need more patience than skill, and that was the lesson we kept.
(1) A. set up B. set off C. set out D. set away
(2) A. turn in B. turn back C. turn over D. turn down
(3) A. turned up B. turned off C. turned away D. turned into
(4) A. throw off B. throw away C. throw out of D. throw into
(5) A. turned B. made C. kept D. got
(6) A. into B. in C. onto D. out of
(7) A. got through B. got off C. got away D. got up
(8) A. turned out B. turned up C. turned off D. turned away
說明:第(5)(6)空同處一句,合起來考「動詞+賓語+小品詞」結構,八空全部計分。
解析
(1) A set up=成立、搭建(a small repair group 是被「建立」的對象);set off 出發/引發、set out 動身/著手、set away 非慣用搭配。下文驗證:後文「by autumn the group had…」說明這個組確實辦起來了。(2) C turn over=把頁翻過來/翻動(loose pages 需要輕翻);turn in 上交/就寢、turn back 折返、turn down 拒絕/調低,都與「不損傷書脊地處理散頁」不合。
(3) A turned up=出現、到場(only six people 到場);turned off 關掉、turned away 拒之門外、turned into 變成,均不能與「人數後來增加」銜接。注意 (3) 與 (8) 都考 turn,但一個取「到場」、一個取「結果是」,正是同動詞異小品詞的對照。
(4) B throw away=丟棄(無法挽救的封面);throw off 擺脫/匆匆脫下、throw out of 後須接處所、throw into 投入,語義或結構都不合。回讀驗證:下一句說把舊櫃子改作乾燥櫃,說明確實做了「取捨」。
(5) A turned (6) A into=turned an old cupboard into a drying cabinet(把……改造成……)。這裡賓語是名詞短語且較長,故放在動詞與 into 之間,構成「動詞+賓語+小品詞」;(5) 若選 B made,則須寫 made an old cupboard into… 才勉強成立,但 make A into B 側重「把材料做成」,不如 turn A into B 的「改造舊物」貼切,且與前文「舊櫃子改作他用」的語境不合;(6) 若選 B in、C onto、D out of,分別成「在櫃子裡」「到櫃子上」「從櫃子裡出來」,語義全反。最常見的錯是把 into 提到賓語前寫成 turned into an old cupboard——意思變成「變成了一箇舊櫃子」,方向反了,正是命題點。
(7) A got through=完成、處理完(three hundred volumes);got off 下車/脫身、got away 逃走、got up 起床/起身。下文驗證:By autumn…had… 需要「完成量」。
(8) A turned out=結果是、原來是(turned out to need… 後接不定式,固定用法)。末句「that was the lesson we kept」說明這是一個事後得出的發現,與 turned out 的「結果顯現」完全對齊;turned up 到場/出現,不能接 to need。
全篇回讀:成立小組 → 學翻頁 → 六人到場後增多 → 丟棄破損封面 → 舊櫃改作乾燥櫃 → 秋前修完三百冊 → 結果發現更需耐心。動作鏈連貫,八空全部計分,無一處靠孤句猜出。
答案 (1) A set up (2) C turn over (3) A turned up (4) B throw away (5) A turned (6) A into (7) A got through (8) A turned out
採分點 八空各 1 分;每空寫出「小品詞方向義」1 分;(5)(6)合起來說明「動詞+名詞賓語+into」結構、以及 into 提前會語義反轉 2 分;(3)與(8)同為 turn 卻取不同義的對照說明 1 分;全篇動作鏈複述 1 分。
易錯點 把 set up 寫成 set off(只記「出發」,漏「成立」);把 turned up 與 turned out 對調;第(6)空選 in / onto / out of,或把 into 提到賓語前寫成 turned into an old cupboard 造成語義反轉;throw away 與 throw out 混用(後者常須接 of 短語);忽略末句「結果發現」的事後語氣。
題2
題2 賓語位置改錯與三組干擾辨析
(1) 改正下列兩句(每句一處):① We had to turn down it because the cover was too brittle. ② Ms Iver set up it in a single afternoon.
(2) 辨析三組:a) turn out / turn up;b) set off / set out;c) get through / get over,各寫一句能顯出差別的自編例句。
解析
(1) ① We had to turn it down…(代詞賓語 it 必須放在 turn 與 down 之間;turn down it 不合語法)。② Ms Iver set it up in a single afternoon.(同理,代詞居中;若保留名詞可寫 set the group up 或 set up the group,兩者都對)。規則一句話:代詞必居中,名詞兩可。(2) a) turn out 強調「結果/真相顯現」,turn up 強調「人或物出現、到場」:The repair turned out to be easier than we feared, yet only six volunteers turned up.
b) set off 指出發或引發,set out 指動身並常接 to do 表「著手」:We set off at dawn and set out to finish the catalogue before noon.
c) get through 指完成/用完/通過,get over 指克服、從…恢復:She got through two hundred pages but still could not get over her fear of tearing one.
三句都須在同一句裡讓兩個短語各自顯義,只背中文對應詞不給滿分。
答案 (1) ① turn it down;② set it up(或 set the group up / set up the group)。(2) 三組例句見上,須在同句中顯出差別。
採分點 兩句改錯各 1 分;寫出「代詞必居中、名詞兩可」規則 2 分;三組辨析每組語義 1 分、例句能顯差別 1 分;例句語法正確 1 分。
易錯點 只把 it 挪到句尾寫成 turn down the it;改 ② 時順手把 set up 換成 set off;辨析寫成中英對譯表而沒有語境;get over 誤當「越過/翻過」的物理義;漏掉 set out to do 的搭配。
三、規律小結與對照表
| 小品詞 | 方向義 | 自編例 | 易混 |
|---|---|---|---|
| up | 成立/出現/完成 | set up a group; turned up | 與 out(結果)混 |
| off | 離開/中斷/引發 | set off at dawn; turned off | 與 out(著手)混 |
| out | 顯露/耗盡/結果 | turned out to need… | 與 up(到場)混 |
| away | 去除/丟棄 | throw away the covers | 與 off(擺脫)混 |
| into | 進入/轉化 | turned a cupboard into… | 賓語被吞則語義反轉 |
| through | 貫穿/完成 | got through 300 volumes | 與 over(克服)混 |
| 賓語位置 | 代詞必居中,名詞兩可 | turn it down ✓ / turn down it ✗ | 長名詞短語宜居中 |
短語動詞題的穩解不是背單詞表,而是給小品詞定方向:up 往上/成立、off 離開、out 顯現、away 去除、into 轉化、through 走完。方向定了,再用下文「後來發生了什麼」回驗,最後掃一眼賓語位置——代詞居中這一條几乎每套卷都會考一次。本篇短文、人物、機構、數量與選項均為自編示意,不代表真實事件或統計。
四、自測清單
- □ 先定動詞,再給小品詞定「方向義」,不憑孤句語感;
- □ 回讀下文驗證結果(成立了嗎、到場了嗎、完成了嗎);
- □ 同動詞不同小品詞(turn up / turn out)單獨列出來對照;
- □ 檢查賓語位置:代詞必居中,名詞兩可,長名詞宜居中;
- □ 遇到「動詞+into」先看賓語有沒有被吞,防方向反轉;
- □ 全篇動作鏈複述一遍,連貫才算過關。