題目性質：自編仿真題——題目、材料、選項、數據與情境均為按課程標準與聯招常見考點獨立編寫的原創仿真題，非真題原文，未取自任何題庫、教輔或試卷；解析與採分點為教研整理，非官方評分標準。
一、考點定位與做題順序
說明文裡施動者常常不重要或不必點明：誰把它叫作這個名字、誰測的、誰這麼認為，都可以隱去。於是被動語態與形式主語結構就成了語體的標誌。判斷這類空，先問一句：這一句是在陳述「事物本身如何」，還是在敘述「某人做了什麼」？前者用被動/客觀化，後者才用主動。
四組搭配要背清：① be known as + 名稱、be referred to as + 名稱（後者別漏 as）；② be composed of / consist of / be made up of（consist of 無被動）；③ It is believed / thought / estimated that… 與 be believed to do 兩種客觀化句式；④ be measured in + 單位、be expressed as + 形式。下面短文為自編示意文本，術語為自編概念。
二、逐題精講
題1
題1 五空完形
自編科普短文：The thin layer on the sample (1) the "film" in our handbook. It (2) three bands, each only a few micrometres thick. (3) that the bands form in a fixed order, though the cause is still under study. Thickness (4) micrometres, and the result is usually (5) a ratio rather than an absolute number.
(1) A. known as B. is known as C. refers D. calling
(2) A. is composed of B. composes of C. is consisting of D. consists
(3) A. It is believed B. People believe C. Believing D. It believes
(4) A. measures in B. is measured in C. measured D. is measuring in
(5) A. expressed as B. expressing as C. expressed D. expresses as
解析
全篇語體判定：介紹樣品薄層的名稱、構成、通行的看法與計量方式，施動者一律隱去，故五空幾乎全取被動或客觀化結構。(1) B. is known as。「這層薄膜被稱作『膜』」，需be + 過去分詞 + as；A 缺 be 動詞，C 若用 refers 須寫 refers to 且主語應是「術語」而非「薄層」，D 現在分詞不能單獨作謂語。注意主語是事物（the thin layer），不是術語本身，所以不用 refer to。
(2) A. is composed of。「它由三條帶構成」。compose 用被動 be composed of；consist of 沒有被動式（C 錯），也不能寫成 composes of（B 錯，主動語態會把「它」當成構成別的東西的主體）；D 缺 of。「consist of 無被動」是本題最典型的設點。
(3) A. It is believed。It is believed that… 是客觀化形式主語結構，與後半句「原因仍在研究中」的剋制語氣一致。People believe 是主動、把施動者點明，語體不符（雖語法可通，但在說明文裡不是最佳項）；It believes 邏輯不通（it 不能「相信」）；Believing 不能引導主句。
(4) B. is measured in。「厚度以微米計量」，thickness 是被計量的對象，須被動 + 介詞 in + 單位。measures in 主動會把「厚度」當成測量者；measured 缺 be；is measuring in 時態與語態都不對。
(5) A. expressed as。「結果通常被表示為一個比值」，is (usually) expressed as，題幹已有 is，故選過去分詞 + as。expressing as 主動且語義反了；expressed 缺 as（「表示為…」必須有 as）；expresses as 主動語態不合。
整段回譯：樣品上的這層薄膜在手冊中被稱作「膜」。它由三條帶構成，每條只有幾微米厚。一般認為這些帶按固定順序形成，不過成因仍在研究中。厚度以微米計量，結果通常表示為一個比值，而不是絕對數值。
答案 (1) B is known as (2) A is composed of (3) A It is believed (4) B is measured in (5) A expressed as
採分點 每空 1 分（選對 0.5 分、寫出語態或搭配依據 0.5 分）；指出 (2) 的 consist of 無被動 1 分；指出 (3) 的語體一致性 1 分；整段回譯 1 分。
易錯點 (1) 漏 be 動詞寫成 known as；把事物與術語搞混而誤用 refer to；(2) 寫成 is consisted of（consist 無被動）；(3) 選 People believe（語法可通但語體不符）；(4) 用主動 measures in；(5) 漏 as 或寫成 expressing。
題2
題2 主動/被動改寫與客觀化措辭（辨析）
(1) 把下列主動句改寫為客觀化表述，每句用指定的結構：
(a) People call the thin layer a "film". → 用 be known as
(b) Researchers estimate the bands form in a fixed order. → 用 It is estimated that
(c) We express the result as a ratio. → 用 be expressed as
(2) 判斷三句正誤並改正：The film is consisted of three bands. / The term is referred to the film. / It is believed the bands forming in order.
(3) 說明說明文偏好被動與客觀化表述的兩條原因。
解析
(1)(a) The thin layer is known as the "film".（施動者 People 隱去，事物作主語）
(b) It is estimated that the bands form in a fixed order.（形式主語 + that 從句；注意從句用謂語動詞 form，不是 forming）
(c) The result is expressed as a ratio.（賓語提前作主語，be + 過去分詞 + as）
(2) 三句全錯，逐句改：
① consist of 無被動、無進行 → The film consists of three bands. 或 The film is composed of three bands.（兩個改法都對，寫「consist of 不用於被動」這一依據才給滿分）。
② 術語作主語表「指的是」時 refer to 不用被動 → The term refers to the film. 若保留被動須換結構：The thin layer is referred to as the "film".（注意 as 不能漏）。
③ It is believed that + 完整從句，從句須有謂語動詞 → It is believed that the bands form in a fixed order. 或改用不定式結構 The bands are believed to form in a fixed order. 兩種改法都成立，寫清「that 後必須是句子」即可。
(3) 兩條原因：① 施動者不重要或不明確——說明的是事物本身的屬性、構成與計量，誰命名、誰測量並不影響信息，隱去後句子更簡潔；② 語氣更客觀、可複核——被動與 It is believed / estimated that 把判斷表述為「通行看法/估計」而非個人斷言，與後文「成因仍在研究中」這類留餘地的措辭一致，避免把未定結論說死。補一句對照：若換成 People believe…，讀者的注意力會落到「誰這麼認為」，反而削弱了說明對象本身——這正是語體一致的意義。
答案 (1) 三句改寫見解析；(2) ①consist of 無被動，改 consists of / is composed of；②refer to 作「指稱」不被動，改 refers to 或 is referred to as；③that 後須完整從句，改 that the bands form… / are believed to form…；(3) 施動者不重要、語氣客觀可留餘地。
採分點 三句改寫各 1 分；三句判定各 0.5 分；三句改正各 1 分；三句依據各 1 分；(3) 兩條原因各 2 分；與主動句對照 1 分。
易錯點 (1b) 寫成 It is estimated that the bands forming…（從句缺謂語）；(2)① 只把 is 去掉卻仍寫 consisted；(2)② 補 to 卻保留被動；(2)③ 只加 that 不改 forming；(3) 只答「更正式」不落到施動者與語氣兩層。
三、規律小結與對照表
| 結構 | 用法 | 易錯點 |
|---|---|---|
| be known as + 名稱 | 事物作主語，被稱作 | 漏 be；與 refer to 主語混淆 |
| be referred to as + 名稱 | 被稱作（含 as） | 漏 as；術語作主語不被動 |
| be composed of / be made up of | 由…構成（被動） | composes of 錯 |
| consist of | 由…構成（無被動、無進行） | is consisted of 錯 |
| It is believed / estimated that… | that 後接完整從句 | that + doing 錯 |
| be believed to do | 主語 + be believed + 不定式 | 與 that 結構混用 |
| be measured in + 單位 | 被以…計量 | 主動 measures in 錯 |
| be expressed as + 形式 | 被表示為 | 漏 as |
| 語體一致 | 說明文隱去施動者、留餘地 | People believe 語法可通但語體不符 |
說明文設空只要先問一句「這句是在說事物本身，還是在說誰做了什麼」，語態基本就定了。再卡四條搭配：consist of 無被動、refer to 作指稱不被動、be known/referred to as 不漏 as、It is believed that + 完整句子。本文短文、術語、選項與解析均為原創自編示意內容，術語為自編概念。
四、自測清單
- 先判語體：施動者是否隱去、是否為說明性陳述
- 事物作主語用被動；術語作主語表「指稱」用 refer to 主動
- 把 consist of / belong to / happen 這類無被動詞單獨記牢
- be known as / be referred to as / be expressed as，三個 as 都不能漏
- It is believed that 後必須是完整從句（有謂語）
- 填完通讀全段，檢查有沒有突然冒出 People / We 破壞客觀語氣
